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gk today magazine subscription  Published this article page no  31 Perception of threats Realistic threats consist of tangible conflicts of interest – such as perceived competition over jobs housing and other resources. Immigrants and disabled people are two groups often targeted. o Other symbolic threats relate to peoples social identities such as different way of life including culturally important values and norms.  During armed conflict Political tensions and armed conflicts can pit communities defined by ethnicity origin language or religion against one another  Administrative Failure Given the state of the police and judiciary in the country there is a wideranging perception that culprits go unpunished and that there is a chance that the accused in hate crimes will go scotfree.  Political PatronageIn the competitive electoral politics the culture of political mobilization based on social faultlines for polarization of electorate into votebanks and use of violence for garnering support and intimidating opponents has gained strength. Impact of hate crimes  Fear Psychosis emotional and psychological trauma caused by hate crime is heightened compared with other types of crime and affects not just the person experiencing it but the community to which they belong.  Attacks on core of victims identity Hate crimes increase feelings of vulnerability anxiety anger and sometimes shame; these emotional reactions motivate specific behavioural responseso Anger leads to proactive behaviours and less avoidance o Anxiety leads to avoidance and security concerns o Shame is linked to avoidance proactive behaviours security concerns and uniquely to retaliation  Hate crimes tend to increase in numbersIf lawcommunity does not effectively punish and repudiate hate crimes perpetrators are encouraged to continue their activities and the number of hate crimes will increase. 81  Hate crimes tend to escalateOffenders who start by committing minor crimes often go on to commit increasingly violent acts if they are not caught and stopped gk today magazine subscription buy. 

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